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Chapter 5 Questions for homework |
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Chapter 5 Questions for homework 1. How does capitalism answer the key economic questions? A. What to produce: those goods that earn a profit as determined B. How to produce: competitively using innovation and technology
C. Who will receive production: those willing and able to pay based
II. Market system evaluated
1. Is the federal government doing a good job accomplishing its economic functions?
Class discussion will center upon government failures and whether the government 2. Is the benefit received by citizens from government economic activity linear People tend to think the primary beneficiaries of government spending are the |
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Chapter 7 Questions for homework
1. What advantages and disadvantages does the corporate form of ownership have overLegal Form | Definition | Ease of Formation | Length of Life | Raising Capital | Owner's Liability | Taxes |
Sole Proprietorship | One Owner | Easy | Limited | Difficult | Unlimited, personal assets at risk | Once as personal income |
Partnership | Two or More Owners | Easy | Shortest | Easier | Unlimited, personal assets at risk | Once as personal income |
Corporation | Company is a legal entity | Somewhat Difficult | Unlimited | Easiest | Limited to investment | Twice as income & dividends |
2. Calculate the average tax rate of a
single person with gross income of $60,000 per year.
Assume the following deductions: personal exemption $2,800,
property taxes $3,000,
mortgage interest $8,400, miscellaneous $3,000.
Taxable income = $60,000 - (2$,800 + $3,000 + $8,400 + +$3,000) = $60,000 - $17,200 = $42,800
Analyzing 2000 Tax Rates for a Single Filer |
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Taxable Income | Marginal Rate | Bracket Taxes Paid | Average Rate |
0 to 26,250 | 15 | .15(26,250) = 3,937.50 | 3937.50/26,250 = .150 |
26,251 to 42800 | 28 | .28(42800-26251) = 4633.72 | (3,937.50 + 4633.72)/ = .2003 |
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A. Ability to pay
1. Those with the ability (income or
wealth), pay more.
2. Examples
a. Income tax
b. Sales tax
c. Estate taxes
B. Benefit received (User taxes)
1. Those who derive a benefit from some government action pay for
said activity.
2. Examples
a. Gasoline taxes are used to improve roads.
b. Social security taxes are used to provide retirement and other
benefits
for participants.
4. Compare different types of tax rates.
A. Progressive
1. Tax rate increases as income increases
2. Tax rate decreases as income decreases
3. Those earning higher income pay a higher average tax rate.
4. Example: Federal Income Tax
Note: Moving into a
higher tax bracket does not result in
your paying a higher rate on
lower bracket earnings.
B. Proportional
1. Tax rate as percentage stays the same.
2. Examples: Social Security taxes are proportional up to
the maximum income level of about
$76,200 because both employer and
employee pay a constant rate of about 8%, but then the
tax is regressive as the rate drops
to zero
C. Regressive
1. Amount paid divided by income drops as income increases.
2. Happens one of two ways
a. Rate drops as income increases
(FICA after about $76,200 in 2000)
b. Amount of tax is constant so at
higher incomes, the effective tax rate is lower
(excise taxes on
cigarettes, liquor, etc.)